Running Head
نویسندگان
چکیده
Regions with great natural environmental complexity present a challenge for the development of stream bioassessment indices that are effective for both regional condition assessments and site scale assessments, such as those used for regulatory applications. Tools intended for site scale applications must provide accurate biological interpretations on a site-by-site basis in all environmental settings, but also must produce consistent interpretation across the entire region of interest. In this study, we develop an assessment tool based on benthic macroinvertebrates with sufficient regional consistency and site specificity to support a wide range of applications in perennial wadeable streams in environmentally complex California, USA. The achievement of both consistency and site-specificity was supported by two key elements of our approach: 1) use of a large reference data set that represents the full range of natural settings in California; 2) development of site-specific models for predicting biological communities expected at novel test sites using an index based on the ratio of observed-toexpected taxa (O/E) and a predictive multimetric index (pMMI). We further improved performance by combinating the pMMI and O/E endpoints into a single index. Predictive models with site-specific expectations had less bias and more sensitivity than non-site-specific approaches. The sensitivity of the modeled endpoints (O/E and pMMI) depended upon environmental setting, and combining the two endpoints into a single index yielded strong consistency across settings.
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